Determinants of Economic Growth: A Case of Pakistan

Authors

  • Ali Burhan Khan Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
  • Warda Nadeem Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
  • Malik Mazhar Hussain Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63544/jbii.v5i4.280

Keywords:

COVID-19, Exchange Rate, Economic Growth, Stock Market Performance

Abstract

The aim of the current research is to analyse the impact of COVID-19, along with other macroeconomic variables (exchange rate and stock market performance), on the economic growth of Pakistan. To achieve this purpose, this research utilizes monthly data from 2002 to 2024 and performs empirical analysis with the help of the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) approach. Moreover, the Robust Least Squares (RLS) approach was applied for robustness purposes. The results revealed that COVID-19 proved to be harmful for the economic growth of Pakistan. A similar case was observed regarding the exchange rate. In addition, stock market performance positively affects the economic growth of Pakistan. In light of the study's results, it is recommended that policymakers closely monitor crisis periods to adopt effective policies for tackling such crises in the future.

References

Akbar, M. I. ud D., Butt, A. R., & Chaudhry, A. F. (2021). Causality between macroeconomic indicators and stock market: An econometric analysis. Empirical Economic Review, 4(1), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.29145/eer/41/06

Aman, A., & Sohoo, A. Q. (2026). Pakistan's economic relations with the United States: Dependency, challenges, and policy constraints. Journal of Social & Organizational Matters, 5(1), 95–107.

Asare, P., & Barfi, R. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy: Emphasis on poverty alleviation and economic growth. Economics, 8(1), 32–43.

Bhatti, S.U.H., & Khattak, M. A. (2025). ESG ratings and firms’ access to finance: An international perspective. Journal of Development and Social Sciences, 6(1), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.47205/jdss.2025(6-I)34

Chikwira, C., & Mohammed, J. I. (2023). The impact of the stock market on liquidity and economic growth: Evidence of volatile market. Economies, 11(6), Article 155.

Eshetu, F., & Girma, T. (2026). Exchange rate movements and economic growth in Ethiopia. Discover Global Society, 4(1), Article 193.

Guru, B. K., & Yadav, I. S. (2019). Financial development and economic growth: Panel evidence from BRICS. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, 24(47), 113–126.

Jehan, Z., & Irshad, I. (2020). Exchange rate misalignment and economic growth in Pakistan: The role of financial development. The Pakistan Development Review, 59(1).

Kamran, M., Zahid, M., Wali, S., & Rizwan, K. (2021). Stock market development and economic growth: Evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Business & Tourism, 4(2), 9–26. https://doi.org/10.34260/jbt.v4i2.159

Khalid, W., Iqbal, J., Nasir, N., & Nosheen, M. (2024). Do real exchange rate misalignments have threshold effects on economic growth? Asymmetric evidence from Pakistan. Economic Change and Restructuring, 57(6), Article 181.

Meher, P., & Mishra, R. K. (2026). Assessing the influence of factors affecting stock market: An ISM approach. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 18(1), 332–355.

Muhammad, D., Qayyum, W., & Qaisar, M. N. (2026). Threshold effects of exchange rates and monetary policy on economic growth in Pakistan. NUML Journal of Economics, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.52015/b3fgwb69

Nadeem, M., et al. (2020). Financial development–economic growth nexus in Pakistan: New evidence from the Markov switching model. Cogent Economics & Finance. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1716446

Osaseri, G., & Osamwonyi, I. O. (2019). Impact of stock market development on economic growth in BRICS. International Journal of Financial Research, 10(1), 23–30.

Rahman, M. M., & Salahuddin, M. (2010). The determinants of economic growth in Pakistan: Does stock market development play a major role? Economic Issues, 15(2), 69–86.

Rasheed, R., Rizwan, A., Javed, H., Sharif, F., & Zaidi, A. (2021). Socio-economic and environmental impacts of COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan—An integrated analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(16), 19926–19943.

Rodrik, D. (2008). The real exchange rate and economic growth. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2008(2), 365–412.

Shirov, A. A. (2026). Quality of growth in the modern Russian economy. Studies on Russian Economic Development, 37(5), 601–609.

Suciany, A. D., Damayanti, C. R., & Darmawan, A. (2024). Exchange rate, inflation, interest rate and economic growth: How they interact in ASEAN. Profit: Jurnal Adminsitrasi Bisnis, 18(2), 245–256.

Syed, A. A. S., Fatima, K., & Zaheer, M. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on stock market and exchange rate uncertainty in Pakistan. Business Review, 16(2), 96–108. https://doi.org/10.54784/1990-6587.1423

Tabash, M. I., Babar, Z., Sheikh, U. A., Khan, A. A., & Anagreh, S. (2022). The linkage between oil price, stock market indices, and exchange rate before, during, and after COVID-19: Empirical insights of Pakistan. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1), Article 2129366. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2129366

World Bank. (2021, October 28). Strengthening exports is critical for Pakistan's sustained growth: Pakistan Development Update. World Bank Group.

World Bank. (2026). Pakistan. World Bank Group.

Xiang, L., Tang, M., Yin, Z., Zheng, M., & Lu, S. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic and economic growth: Theory and simulation. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, Article 741525.

Author Biographies

Ali Burhan Khan, Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan

Warda Nadeem, Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan

Malik Mazhar Hussain, Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan

Downloads

Published

2026-04-23

How to Cite

Khan, A. B., Nadeem, W., & Hussain, M. M. (2026). Determinants of Economic Growth: A Case of Pakistan. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 5(4), 191–201. https://doi.org/10.63544/jbii.v5i4.280

Similar Articles

<< < 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.